Day 3

Industrialization  

-1800 first iron printing press

-press can be cast and fabricated thus more durable 

-gear system = greater force with less human power

-in 10 ten years steam powered presses 400 sheets an hour as opposed to 250 sheets an hour

-4 years later double cylinder steam press 1000 impressions an hour 

-Ned Ludd rebellion in England against technology / losing jobs

-Nov 1814 London Times printed by steam powered press, had to be done in secret

-Papers become popular

-Newspapers sold by subscription (6 pennies?) as opposed to penny papers 

-Newspapers start selling ads ,  titles of enlightenment for penny papers The Sun, etc

-1841 John Guber becomes first ad man, starts first ad agency 

-First ad men were brokers of space, not designers

-Ottmar Mergenthaler 1856 invents linotype machine

-linotype does the work of 7-8 hand compositors

-Victorian era graphics

-Aesthetic confusion 

-Strong religious moral beliefs 

-loved fussiness 

-rise of middle class , more disposable money

-influence coming from the east

-decline in quality of craft 

"Title page from book"

-Letterforms are blackletter "calligraphy"

-Floral decorations

-Border

Lithography and color lithography

-wood type hits peak 1860s

-1796 stone printing

-chromolithography begins in Boston in this country

ephemera

-printed or written elements that are no meant to be collected

(movie tickets, posters, dime novel) 

-scrap cards printed on chromoliphic presses 

-Prang father of scrap cards

-used as premium for box of oats for example

-no color images in homes

victorian aesthetic 

-freshed face idolized children

-pattern work

-exotic animals

-illusion of depth Trump Loy?

-promote entertainment

-great sense of nationalism emerges 

-packaging emerges, tin

-chromolithography allows us to paint on metal

-development of american food culture

-Quaker oats 

-American Cereal Company

-Personalities in products

-Aunt Jemima, Uncle Ben

They are replacing shopkeepers 

-Popular magazines

-mid 1800s Ladies Home Journal 

The Practical Housekeeper

will not endorse products > figured out placing an ad creates a relationship by juxtaposition / stroking viewers subconscious 

-gibson girls

-reductive style is akin to abstraction

-easier for production 

-using scale for depth

-toy books are entertainment for children  Walter Crane's Absurd ABC

-Walter Crane, Randolph Caldecott, Kate Greenaway -( generous use of white space is atypical)

-Harper's 

illuminated bible 1600 woodcut illustrations 

Harper's Bazaar, Weekly, etc

Thomas Nast 

-father of american political cartoon 

-Uncle Sam

-Donkey Elephant

-Santa Claus

-Colombia

Boss Tweed running New York

-corrupt politician 

Movie

-Boss Tweed provided orphanages, jobs, coal stole 50 million dollars 

-1870 had more power than anyone in New York's history

-1870 unfinished county courthouse

-1869 Thomas Nast began publishing political cartoons in Bazaar's Weekly of Tammany Hall Ring 

-Tweed took the fall for corrupt system 3 counts of fraud 220 misdemeanor 

-1875 escaped to Spain - Spanish police recognized him from political cartoon

-Bicycles invented 

Heinz

-5th and 23rd beginning of lighted displays  - flatiron building

-1869 Henry Heinz sells horse radish, pioneers corporate image, branding

-giant pickle

-monument to labor

-provide workers with company store, hired attractive young women, had swimming pool and tanning deck

John Ruskin

-social revolution, philosophical leader

-order the lives of society so most people are happy and satisfied

-the manifestos start popping up

-beautiful things are valuable just because their beautiful  

William Morris

-father of arts and craft movement

-inspired by writings of John Ruskin

-both are sons of wealthy merchants

Movie 2

-never like trains

-designed wallpaper, wrote 90 books, cut woodblocks, poet, etc.

-make world beautiful against ugly industrial revolution

-born 1834 eldest son

-Dante Gabriel Rossetti important figure

-pre-raphaelite 

-Jane Burden limited education, wife

-Red House firm of decorators

     Newspapers and magazines enter the picture. The visual language is very conservative, much like how the internet developed. Its interesting to draw parallels from this time period to the development of the internet. Watching the development of ads and branding is like seeing different ways people schemed to sell things. Very psychological and still applies today. I wonder if ad agencies use more advanced strategies on consumers or if its relatively unchanged? Also, now I know the difference between the Rococo design aesthetic and the Victorian. Couldn't tell them apart before today. People just bought cheap crap. Reminds me a lot of Wal-Mart and how they are wiping out small businesses.

      It was also interesting to find out how Heinz campaigned his brand effectively, he seemed to be ahead of his time. I thought companies started doing this in the 1940s, or as early as the 1920s. I'll have to investigate further, when this idea of branding took off.

     I had forgotten about Thomas Nast, so it was a nice reminder. It definitely applies to my field, knowing who started american political cartoons. And its an awesome example of how much influence images have on people. 

Class Numero Two

- Fall of Rome
- Crusades, printing and paper developed

-first book printed in English, Recuyell of the Histories of Troy 1475

-1465
 Sweinheim  and Pannartz
 Guys from germany sent to Italy by Cardinal Giovanni of Turrecremata
 Blended Gothic minuscule forms with elements of Carolingian
 Produced half Roman type based on humanistic Italian round letter forms

-Calendarum 1476
 tidbit -  special thing in book

-Steven Day brings printing  to colonies in 1639, buys charter and  sets up a printing shop
 and prints a  book of psalms
 not a typographer just a business man (like Gutenberg)



- Rococo movement
 engraving letterforms in copperplate
 allows for lavish floral designs

- King does not allow others to use his typeface
  Because they are engravings - increased thick and thins / more precision less like hand written type
  Lower case "l"s  have spurs to identify as king's typeface

- Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune
  gave us the idea of font family and large scale type faces
  Dies before revolution- his work loses relevance

- Charles II says reduce to 20 printers / death ensues

- Giambattista Bodoni
 Neo-Classical style evolves to modern style
 redesigns roman letterform with more geometrical and mechanical shapes

-Fatface
 Bodoni face, but extending it even more
 it is a displayface

-1834 Industrial revolution / people who want to sell things!!

-Woodtype is practical for large letterforms not for small
 Large metal when cools bends not good, so use wood
 Invention of the router allows to make copies quickly and easily

-from agriculture to industrial
 possible because of power ( steam power)
 factory = system division of labor
 industrialization leads to consumerism no time to make things that they need

- egyptian face ( Egypt was cool thing at time)
  Vincent Figgins 1815

-1870s poster houses declined with improvement of lithography
  Mix colors draw directly on stones,
  laws passed to govern poster hanging - became intense

-Five Families:
 Old Style - traditions of the hand
 Transitional - evolution to modern face greater contrast thick and thin
 Modern - extreme contrast thick and thin- no brackets on serif
 Egyptian - even weight / slab serifs
 San Serif - no serifs



     Today I connected how technology informed the design of typeface. From handwriting to moveable type, copperplate,  lithography, and routers. Even the development of society influenced type. Rococo typemakers used a lot of lavish decoration for the upper class, while type created for posters during the industrial revolution used attention grabbing displayfaces. Now I see how the five traditional families of font came to be from clear, logical steps. Seeing as how technology and society affect type so much - I wonder if it has the same affect after the industrial revolution. Maybe its more subtle? I think because the foundation for type is already in place what will change more radically is visual design.

     Knowing the history of type helps immensely for using them in the appropriate context. Before, selecting type was visually based for me; but now I have a historical frame to guide my selections in the future.

First Day

Learned about Illuminated manuscripts, Gutenberg and his printing press, and how difficult life was in the old days. Learned fancy words including: xylography and  incunabula. Angello stressed the importance of relationships in the evolution of printing. It required a growing middle class, students who learned to read, and an overall increased literacy. End